European crypto and digital-asset infrastructure (MiCA)

21X AG (DE) - operator of a regulated on-chain exchange & settlement system for tokenized securities. BaFin-authorised under the EU DLT Pilot Regime (DLT-TSS, 2025) - not MiCA (financial instruments). Sovereignty-relevant tokenized-markets infra.

AllUnity (DE) - JV of DWS, Flow Traders and Galaxy Digital (Deutsche Bank group). Issues EURAU, Germanys first regulated euro stablecoin. EMI authorised by BaFin (2025).

Bank Frick (Liechtenstein; family-owned, founded 1998) - banking and acquiring for PSPs and fintechs; the only Liechtenstein bank with both Visa and Mastercard acquiring licences, and the first EU bank in blockchain banking (2018). First Liechtenstein entry in the catalogue.

🏦 Local IBANs: GB DE LU

Banking Circle S.A. (Luxembourg) - cross-border banking, accounts, payments and settlement for banks, PSPs and fintechs; issues the EURI euro stablecoin. Credit institution, CSSF (LUB00000408); not the unrelated 'Circle Group S.A.'.

Bitpanda (Vienna) - MiCA CASP via FMA Austria (+ dual rail CSSF Luxembourg). B2B arm Bitpanda Technology Solutions = white-label investing/crypto infrastructure for banks.

Bitpanda Technology Solutions (Vienna, Austria) - B2B white-label investing + digital-asset infrastructure (stocks, ETFs, crypto, custody, tokenization) for banks/fintechs. Relies on Bitpanda VASP (Austria FMA + AMF), MiFID II investment-firm, PSD2 and MiCA (BaFin) authorisations. Client: N26.

Bitstamp (HQ Luxembourg; founded Slovenia 2011) - one of Europes oldest exchanges. CSSF MiCA CASP (16 May 2025). Acquired by Robinhood (US, 2025).

Bitvavo (Amsterdam) - largest Dutch crypto exchange. AFM MiCA CASP (full ten-service authorisation, 2024-2025).

Boerse Stuttgart Digital Custody GmbH - BaFin MiCA CASP (custody + transfers). White-label crypto infrastructure for banks (e.g. DZ Bank).

Cashlink (Germany) - tokenized-securities infrastructure: issuance, smart-contract registry (eWpG) and digital-asset custody. BaFin crypto securities registrar + qualified crypto custodian (KWG).

Clearstream Digital Custody (Clearstream Banking S.A., Deutsche Boerse group, Luxembourg) - institutional digital-asset custody and settlement (D7). CSSF-authorised.

Confirmo (founded 2014, Central-European roots; regulated via Confirmo Limited, Ireland) - crypto and stablecoin payment gateway for merchants and PSPs: BTC/USDC/USDT acceptance, settlement and mass payouts. Dual Irish authorisation: MiCA CASP + Payment Institution (Central Bank of Ireland). Register-sourced: MiCA CASP, Central Bank of Ireland (CBI), ref 984500F75CJ82D8B7D76; passported to 30 EEA states.

Conio (Milan/San Francisco; Italian team) - bitcoin and digital-asset custody for banks: patented multi-signature custody (three keys, offline bank-held recovery key) white-labelled by Banca Generali (BG Conio) and other institutions; USD 14m round led by Banca Generali (2020).

Deblock (FR/UK; ex-Revolut founders) - account + non-custodial crypto wallet. AMF MiCA CASP (crypto-crypto, crypto-cash, order execution).

Fipto (Paris) - blockchain B2B payments / stablecoin settlement infrastructure. AMF MiCA CASP (custody, crypto-cash, order execution, transfers).

GoCrypto by Eligma (Ljubljana) - crypto-payment acceptance network for in-store & online merchants (A2A/crypto checkout); pursued Bank of Slovenia e-money authorisation.

Hauck Aufhäuser Digital Custody GmbH (DE) - crypto custody arm of private bank Hauck Aufhäuser Lampe (ABN AMRO group). BaFin MiCA CASP (custody + transfers). Site now under Bethmann HAL (bethmann-hal.de).

Januar (Copenhagen, Denmark) - payments and account infrastructure for crypto and fintech businesses: EUR accounts and payment rails under a PSD2 payment-institution licence (Finanstilsynet) since 2021, extended with a MiCA CASP authorisation for trading, custody and stablecoin infrastructure.

LCX AG (Vaduz, Liechtenstein) - regulated crypto-asset exchange + tokenization / RWA, token custody. FMA-regulated (reg. 288159) under Liechtenstein TVTG (Blockchain Act); filed a MiCA pre-application (among first MiCA-ready exchanges in Liechtenstein; EEA passport once granted). Founded 2018.

Ledger (Paris) - hardware security (HSM) + institutional self-custody tech (Ledger Enterprise / Vault). Software/hardware infra vendor (clients hold any CASP licence). EEA HQ (FR).

Membrane Finance Oy (Helsinki) - issuer of EUROe, the first EU-regulated euro stablecoin (pre-MiCA EMI, transitioned to MiCA). EMI authorised by FIN-FSA (Finland). EUROe site now redirects to Paxos (EUROe redemptions via paxos.com) - Membrane Finance acquired by Paxos (US).

Monerium ehf (Iceland, EEA) - first licensed e-money on blockchain (FME authorisation 2019). Issues EURe euro e-money with on-chain IBAN.

Northstake (Copenhagen, Denmark; founded 2021) - institutional staking infrastructure (ETH staking vaults for regulated financial institutions, asset managers and custodians); supervised by the Danish FSA. Register-sourced: MiCA CASP, Finanstilsynet, ref 98450010C0CB6A4E8A79; passported to 30 EEA states.

Quantoz Payments BV (NL) - EMI supervised by De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB). Issues EURQ + USDQ (MiCA-authorised late 2024).

Ramp Network (Warsaw, Poland; founded 2017 by Przemek Kowalczyk and Szymon Sypniewicz) - crypto on/off-ramp infrastructure: fiat-to-crypto payment rails embedded in wallets and apps (8M+ end users; USD 53m Series B). Polish-founded Web3 infra with an EEA MiCA licence. Register-sourced: MiCA CASP, Central Bank of Ireland (CBI), ref 89450036UW3ID72T1M84.; passported to 30 EEA states.

Schuman Financial (FR) - issuer of EUROP euro stablecoin. EMI authorised by ACPR. Backed by RockawayX, Kraken Ventures.

Société Générale-FORGE (France) - the digital-asset subsidiary of Société Générale, issuing the EURCV (euro) and USD CoinVertible stablecoins. ACPR-licensed credit institution + EMI.

StablR (Malta) - EMI supervised by MFSA. Issues EURR + USDR stablecoins under MiCA. Strategic investment from Tether (2024).

🏦 Local IBANs: LU

Striga (Luxembourg) - crypto BaaS, card issuing and virtual IBANs. EMI + CASP licence (Luxembourg). Acquired by Lightspark (US) - sovereignty flag.

Tangany GmbH (Munich) - crypto custody & wallet infrastructure-as-a-service. BaFin MiCA CASP (custody + transfers).

Tokeny (Luxembourg) - tokenization platform for regulated/real-world assets; created the ERC-3643 (T-REX) permissioned-token standard. Software vendor (issuers/CASPs hold the licence). Owned by Apex Group.

Venly Finance (Willebroek, Belgium) - stablecoin payment infrastructure: one API to collect, convert, hold, route and pay out across fiat and stablecoin rails. Business line of Venly, founded 2018 as Arkane Network by Tim Dierckxsens and co-founders (Web3 wallet/developer infrastructure). Finance API covers accounts, wallets, transfers, FX, virtual IBANs and KYC/KYB; Fundflow adds payout orchestration. Documentation lists USDC, EURC, USDT and USDS on Base, Avalanche and Polygon, fiat operations in EUR, USD and GBP, and EUR SEPA virtual bank accounts. Technology provider, not licensed itself: the company states that regulated money movement executes through licensed partner institutions across the EU and that virtual bank accounts are provided through banking partners - partners are not named publicly, so no IBAN sponsor tag (own issuance not evidenced). MiCA CASP authorisation is stated as in progress and has not been granted: no entry in the ESMA register as of our 2026-07-18 snapshot, and the FSMA had authorised no Belgian CASP at that date. Sovereignty note: the euro leg runs on EURC while the dominant supported stablecoins (USDC, USDT, USDS) are US-issued. EUR 21m Series A (April 2022) led by Courtside Ventures, with Coinbase Ventures among the investors. Listing requested by the provider (2026-07-30); card issuance is advertised on the site but not documented as a shipped product.

VP Bank Ltd (Vaduz, Liechtenstein) - FMA-regulated private bank (est. 1956); digital-asset custody + tokenization (registered FMA token creator/custodian under TVTG, 2021; Metaco/Ripple custody tech). EEA-based.

AMINA Bank AG (Zug, ex-SEBA) - FINMA banking licence (2019); regulated crypto banking, custody, staking, tokenization (with Taurus, Tokeny, 21X). Non-EEA HQ (CH).

Bitcoin Suisse AG (Zug, founded 2013) - institutional crypto custody, staking, brokerage. Swiss securities-dealer licence; FINMA AML supervision. Non-EEA HQ (CH).

Metaco (Zug) - institutional digital-asset custody orchestration tech (Harmonize). Acquired by Ripple (2023). Software vendor to banks (DZ Bank etc.), not itself a CASP. Non-EEA HQ (CH).

Sygnum Bank AG (Zurich) - FINMA-licensed digital-asset bank; custody, tokenization, brokerage. Also Luxembourg/Liechtenstein presence. Non-EEA HQ (CH).

Taurus SA (Geneva/Zug, founded 2018) - enterprise custody, tokenization & trading infrastructure for banks. FINMA-regulated securities firm, DORA-compliant. Tech vendor (clients hold CASP). Non-EEA HQ (CH).

BVNK (London, UK) - stablecoin-powered cross-border payments & settlement (USDC/USDT/EURC rails). EU EMI (Belgium). Mastercard acquisition announced (up to USD 1.8bn, closing 2026).

Fiat Republic (London, UK; founded 2021) - banking and payments API for crypto platforms: virtual IBANs, SEPA and Faster Payments access, FX and compliance via one API, plus the EagleNet closed-loop settlement network between members.V. (ESMA register).

Zodia Custody (UK origin; Standard Chartered, Northern Trust, SBI). EEA entity Zodia Custody (Europe) S.A. - CSSF MiCA CASP (custody + transfers).

BitGo Europe GmbH - BaFin MiCA CASP (custody, exchange, execution, transfers). US parent BitGo = CLOUD Act exposure; EEA rail via DE entity.

Circle (US) - issuer of the USDC and EURC stablecoins; EU-issued USDC/EURC via Circle France (ACPR EMI), reserves held in EU credit institutions per MiCA Art. 36. US parent = CLOUD Act exposure.

Fireblocks (US/Israel) - MPC-based digital-asset custody, wallet & transfer infrastructure (SaaS). Software vendor, not an EEA-licensed CASP. US origin = CLOUD Act exposure. Contrast entry.

Hidden Road Partners CIV NL B.V. - AFM (NL) MiCA CASP. Digital-asset prime brokerage; acquired by Ripple (2025). US lineage.

MoonPay (Miami, US; founded 2019) - crypto on/off-ramp and payments infrastructure used by wallets and apps in 160+ countries: card and Apple/Google Pay checkout rendered on the developer's own domain.V. (Netherlands, ESMA register). Contrast / US.

Paxos Issuance Europe Oy - EU arm of US issuer Paxos. Issues USDG (Global Dollar Network). EMI authorised by FIN-FSA (Finland). US parent = CLOUD Act exposure.

Zero Hash (Chicago, US; founded 2017) - B2B crypto and stablecoin infrastructure-as-a-service: regulated APIs powering crypto and stablecoin flows for Stripe, Interactive Brokers, Franklin Templeton and BlackRock's BUIDL. Contrast / US.